Non-Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids and their derivatives are substances synthesized by amino acids through a series of reactions, such as the combined deamination of amino acids to synthesize amino acid derivatives. Common amino acid derivatives in life include adrenaline, thyroxine, and dopamine, all of which are tyrosine derivatives. The structure of amino acids is simple and diverse, and the pharmacological activity is extensive. With the development of amino acid industry technology, various kinds of amino acid derivatives have been gradually developed and applied in various industries. In the field of medicine, amino acid derivatives have attracted more and more attention due to their unique physiological activity and potential medicinal value. They are frequently used in the fields of anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-virus, analgesia and so on.

What Are Non-Essential Amino Acids?

Non-essential amino acids refer to amino acids that the human body can synthesize by itself or convert from other amino acids, and do not necessarily have to be directly ingested from food. Such amino acids include glutamic acid, glutamine, alanine, glycine, cysteine, aspartic acid, asparagine, proline, serine and tyrosine. Most non-essential amino acids can be synthesized through transamination. Transamination refers to the process of transferring the α-amino group of an α-amino acid to an α-keto acid. It can be regarded as the exchange of the amino group of the amino acid with the ketone group of the α-keto acid. For example, aspartic acid is obtained by transamination of oxaloacetate, an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle; glutamic acid is obtained by transamination of α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle; and alanine is obtained from pyruvate produced by glycolysis by transamination.

How Many Amino Acids Are Non-Essential?

Among the more than 20 amino acids that make up human body and food proteins, 11 are considered non-essential amino acids, and the remaining 9 are considered essential amino acids. Non-essential amino acids play critical roles in a variety of physiological functions in the body, including protein synthesis, enzyme production, and neurotransmitter regulation. Amino acid derivatives are currently quite active in clinical use as therapeutic drugs, and have been widely used in the treatment of liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, ulcers, neurological diseases, and anti-inflammation. There are hundreds of amino acid derivatives used for treatment, such as: 4-hydroxyproline is very effective in treating chronic hepatitis and preventing cirrhosis; N-acetyl-L-glutamine aluminum, dihydroxy aluminum-L-histidine, histidine-vitamin u-methionine, N-acetyl tryptophan aluminum, titanium and bismuth are all effective drugs for anti-ulcer. In the synthesis of drug molecules, due to the multi-reaction characteristics of amino acids and their derivatives, they can be widely used as chiral sources in the synthesis of chiral compounds. It is usually used as a structural module of drug molecules to introduce chirality into drug molecules, or as a chiral auxiliary to induce the synthesis of chiral drugs.

Difference Between Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids

Essential amino acids are amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through diet. Humans must consume sufficient amounts of nine essential amino acids to support various body functions. These essential amino acids include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. These amino acids play a crucial role in protein synthesis, muscle repair and overall health.

The main difference between essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids is their availability and the body's ability to produce them. Essential amino acids must be obtained through diet because the body cannot synthesize them on its own. This means that a diet lacking in essential amino acids can cause deficiencies and impair various body functions. It is worth noting that although the body can produce non-essential amino acids, certain conditions or conditions may increase the body's demand for these amino acids. For example, during illness, stress, or strenuous physical activity, the body may need higher amounts of certain non-essential amino acids to support recovery and repair processes. In these cases, it may be beneficial to eat foods rich in these amino acids or consider supplementation to meet the increased needs of the body.

Non-Essential Amino Acids List

Amino acids are organic compounds containing basic amino groups and acidic carboxyl groups. 20 common amino acids constitute various proteins in organisms and participate in various life activities in the body. For example, although D-amino acids cannot synthesize proteins, they can be used to synthesize antibiotics and physiologically active peptides, and are gradually playing an important role in the fields of medicine, pesticides, and food. There is also a type of compound between amino acids and proteins, peptides, which are composed of α-amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Peptides are widely used in medicine, cosmetics and other fields. At present, artificially synthesized peptides have become a research hotspot, among which amino acids with protective groups such as Fmoc-amino acids, Boc-amino acids and Z-amino acids have become the most important raw materials.

• Glycine

Glycine is the simplest natural amino acid. If the human body consumes too much glycine, it will not only be unable to be absorbed and utilized by the human body, but will also break the absorption balance of the human body and affect the absorption of other amino acids, resulting in nutritional imbalance and affecting health.

• Alanine

Alanine is the basic unit of protein, which can prevent kidney stones, assist in the metabolism of glucose, help relieve hypoglycemia, and replenish body energy. Alanine is mainly used in the synthesis of pantothenic acid, carnosine, etc., and can be widely used in many fields such as daily chemicals, medical and health products, food additives and feed.

• Proline

Proline is a cyclic imino acid. Proline plays an important role in the human body and can also promote the metabolism of cells and maintain the healthy growth of skin and connective tissue. If the human body lacks proline, it is easy to affect joint function, causing joint pain, persistent soft tissue tension or chronic low back pain. 4-Hydroxyproline can be formed by hydroxylation after proline enters the peptide chain. Hydroxyproline is an important component of animal collagen. In addition, hydroxyproline is also present in a variety of plant proteins, especially involved in the formation of cell walls.

• Tyrosine

Tyrosine plays an important role in the metabolism, growth and development of humans and animals, and is widely used in food, feed, medicine and chemical industries. Tyrosine can promote the formation of melanin and reduce the symptoms of vitiligo. Tyrosine regulates mood and prevents anxiety, depression, and chronic fatigue. In addition, tyrosine can regulate appetite and help speed up the body's metabolism.

• Serine

Serine is a neutral aliphatic hydroxyl-containing amino acid. Serine plays a role in fat and fatty acid metabolism and muscle growth. In addition, serine also plays an important role in the manufacture and processing of cell membranes, the synthesis of muscle tissue and the sheath that surrounds nerve cells. D-serine is an important neurotransmitter. As a basic amino acid constituting protein, L-serine is widely used in medicine, food, cosmetics and other industries.

• Cysteine

Cysteine is one of the natural components of glutathione, and the molecule contains active sulfhydryl groups. Cysteine can participate in various redox reactions in the body and has a certain protective effect on cells, especially liver cells. In addition, cysteine can stimulate hematopoietic function, increase white blood cells and promote the repair of skin damage, and also has a certain detoxification effect on heavy metal poisoning.

• Asparagine

Asparagine is one of the various amino acids that make up the proteins of living organisms such as the human body. Asparagine and its derivatives are widely used in food science, medicinal chemistry and materials science as important organic building blocks. In medicine, asparagine has the functions of lowering blood pressure, dilating bronchi, resisting peptic ulcer and gastric dysfunction.

• Aspartic Acid

Aspartic acid is an aliphatic acidic alpha amino acid, which can be used as an ammonia detoxifier, a liver function promoter, a fatigue recovery agent, and the like. The L-isomer of aspartic acid is one of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins and one of the encoded amino acids in protein synthesis.

• Glutamine

Glutamine, an amide of glutamic acid, can be used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastritis and hyperacidity, and to improve brain function. The L-configuration isomer of glutamine is the encoded amino acid in protein synthesis.

• Glutamic Acid

Glutamic acid is an acidic amino acid with two carboxyl groups in its molecule, which can be used to treat hepatic coma and improve children's intellectual development. Glutamic acid is involved in protein metabolism processes in living organisms and many important chemical reactions in animals, plants and microorganisms.

• Arginine

Arginine is a component of ornithine cycle and has extremely important physiological functions. Arginine promotes wound healing, regulates immune function, and prevents thymus gland degeneration. Arginine is also the main component of sperm protein, which can promote sperm production and provide sperm movement energy.

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