(3S)-Fmoc-2-oxo-1-Pyrrolidineacetic acid
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(3S)-Fmoc-2-oxo-1-Pyrrolidineacetic acid

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Category
Fmoc-Amino Acids
Catalog number
BAT-008195
CAS number
143129-77-5
Molecular Formula
C21H20N2O5
Molecular Weight
380.39
IUPAC Name
2-[(3S)-3-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl]acetic acid
Synonyms
2-[(3S)-3-({[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy]carbonyl}amino)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl]acetic acid
Storage
Store at 2-8°C
InChI
InChI=1S/C21H20N2O5/c24-19(25)11-23-10-9-18(20(23)26)22-21(27)28-12-17-15-7-3-1-5-13(15)14-6-2-4-8-16(14)17/h1-8,17-18H,9-12H2,(H,22,27)(H,24,25)/t18-/m0/s1
InChI Key
VWMPTZGIXUOJBC-SFHVURJKSA-N
Canonical SMILES
C1CN(C(=O)C1NC(=O)OCC2C3=CC=CC=C3C4=CC=CC=C24)CC(=O)O
1. Omega-3 fatty acids for nutrition and medicine: considering microalgae oil as a vegetarian source of EPA and DHA
Scott D Doughman, Srirama Krupanidhi, Carani B Sanjeevi Curr Diabetes Rev. 2007 Aug;3(3):198-203. doi: 10.2174/157339907781368968.
Long-chain EPA/DHA omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can be co-preventative and co-therapeutic. Current research suggests increasing accumulated long chain omega-3s for health benefits and as natural medicine in several major diseases. But many believe plant omega-3 sources are nutritionally and therapeutically equivalent to the EPA/DHA omega-3 in fish oil. Although healthy, precursor ALA bio-conversion to EPA is inefficient and production of DHA is nearly absent, limiting the protective value of ALA supplementation from flax-oil, for example. Along with pollutants certain fish acquire high levels of EPA/DHA as predatory species. However, the origin of EPA/DHA in aquatic ecosystems is algae. Certain microalgae produce high levels of EPA or DHA. Now, organically produced DHA-rich microalgae oil is available. Clinical trials with DHA-rich oil indicate comparable efficacies to fish oil for protection from cardiovascular risk factors by lowering plasma triglycerides and oxidative stress. This review discusses 1) omega-3 fatty acids in nutrition and medicine; 2) omega-3s in physiology and gene regulation; 3) possible protective mechanisms of EPA/DHA in major diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, cancer and type 2 diabetes; 4) EPA and DHA requirements considering fish oil safety; and 5) microalgae EPA and DHA-rich oils and recent clinical results.
2. The Importance of Marine Omega-3s for Brain Development and the Prevention and Treatment of Behavior, Mood, and Other Brain Disorders
James J DiNicolantonio, James H O'Keefe Nutrients. 2020 Aug 4;12(8):2333. doi: 10.3390/nu12082333.
Most of the global population is deficient in long-chain marine omega-3s. In particular, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid, is important for brain and eye development. Additionally, DHA plays a significant role in mental health throughout early childhood and even into adulthood. In the brain, DHA is important for cellular membrane fluidity, function and neurotransmitter release. Evidence indicates that a low intake of marine omega-3s increases the risk for numerous mental health issues, including Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), autism, bipolar disorder, depression and suicidal ideation. Studies giving supplemental marine omega-3s have shown promise for improving numerous mental health conditions. This paper will review the evidence surrounding marine omega-3s and mental health conditions.
3. Atmospheric Sulfuric Acid Dimer Formation in a Polluted Environment
Ke Yin, Shixin Mai, Jun Zhao Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jun 3;19(11):6848. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19116848.
New particle formation (NPF) contributes significantly to atmospheric particle number concentrations and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). In sulfur-rich environments, field measurements have shown that sulfuric acid dimer formation is likely the critical step in NPF. We investigated the dimer formation process based upon the measured sulfuric acid monomer and dimer concentrations, along with previously reported amine concentrations in a sulfur-rich atmosphere (Atlanta, USA). The average sulfuric acid concentration was in the range of 1.7 × 107-1.4 × 108 cm-3 and the corresponding neutral dimer concentrations were 4.1 × 105-5.0 × 106 cm-3 and 2.6 × 105-2.7 × 106 cm-3 after sub-collision and collision ion-induced clustering (IIC) corrections, respectively. Two previously proposed acid-base mechanisms (namely AA and AB) were employed to respectively estimate the evaporation rates of the dimers and the acid-amine complexes. The results show evaporation rates of 0.1-1.3 s-1 for the dimers based on the simultaneously measured average concentrations of the total amines, much higher than those (1.2-13.1 s-1) for the acid-amine complexes. This indicates that the mechanism for dimer formation is likely AA through the formation of more volatile dimers in the initial step of the cluster formation.
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