1. Detection of protein carbonyls by means of biotin hydrazide-streptavidin affinity methods
Kenneth Hensley Methods Mol Biol . 2009;536:457-62. doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-542-8_46.
Oxidative posttranslational protein modifications occur as a normal process of cell biology and to a greater extent during pathogenic conditions. The detection and quantitation of protein oxidation has posed a continuing challenge to bioanalytical chemists because the products of oxidative protein damage are chemically diverse, protein oxidation generally occurs at low background levels, and the complexity of biological samples introduces high background noise when standard techniques such as immunolabeling are applied to "dirty" tissue extracts. A refinement of classic reductive amination methods has been developed, which circumvents these difficulties by incorporating a biotin label at sites of protein carbonylation. Biotin hydrazide-labeled proteins are detectable using standard streptavidin-coupled detection techniques such as peroxidase-catalyzed chemiluminescence of immunoblots. Advantages of the biotin hydrazide-labeling technique are its sensitivity and its lack of reliance upon antibodies that inevitably suffer from nonspecific background noise and contaminating endogenous immunoglobulins.
2. A biotin enrichment strategy identifies novel carbonylated amino acids in proteins from human plasma
Michael J Davies, Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska, Ole N Jensen, Ian Max Møller, Katarzyna Wojdyla, Jesper F Havelund J Proteomics . 2017 Mar 6;156:40-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.12.019.
Protein carbonylation is an irreversible protein oxidation correlated with oxidative stress, various diseases and ageing. Here we describe a peptide-centric approach for identification and characterisation of up to 14 different types of carbonylated amino acids in proteins. The modified residues are derivatised with biotin-hydrazide, enriched and characterised by tandem mass spectrometry. The strength of the method lies in an improved elution of biotinylated peptides from monomeric avidin resin using hot water (95°C) and increased sensitivity achieved by reduction of analyte losses during sample preparation and chromatography. For the first time MS/MS data analysis utilising diagnostic biotin fragment ions is used to pinpoint sites of biotin labelling and improve the confidence of carbonyl peptide assignments. We identified a total of 125 carbonylated residues in bovine serum albumin after extensive in vitro metal ion-catalysed oxidation. Furthermore, we assigned 133 carbonylated sites in 36 proteins in native human plasma protein samples. The optimised workflow enabled detection of 10 hitherto undetected types of carbonylated amino acids in proteins: aldehyde and ketone modifications of leucine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, glutamine, lysine and glutamic acid (+14Da), an oxidised form of methionine - aspartate semialdehyde (-32Da) - and decarboxylated glutamic acid and aspartic acid (-30Da).Biological significance:Proteomic tools provide a promising way to decode disease mechanisms at the protein level and help to understand how carbonylation affects protein structure and function. The challenge for future research is to identify the type and nature of oxidised residues to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanism(s) governing carbonylation in cells and organisms and assess their role in disease.
3. Detection of Protein Carbonyls by Means of Biotin Hydrazide-Streptavidin Affinity Methods
Kenneth Hensley Methods Mol Biol . 2015;1314:95-100. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2718-0_11.
Oxidative posttranslational protein modifications occur as a normal process of cell biology and to a greater extent during pathogenic conditions. The detection and quantitation of protein oxidation has posed a continuing challenge to bioanalytical chemists because of the following reasons: The products of oxidative protein damage are chemically diverse; protein oxidation generally occurs at low background levels; and the complexity of biological samples introduces high background noise when standard techniques such as immunolabeling are applied to "dirty" tissue extracts containing endogenous immunoglobulins or small molecular weight, chemically reactive compounds has been developed which circumvents these difficulties by incorporating a biotin label at sites of protein carbonylation. Biotin hydrazide-labeled proteins are detectable using standard streptavidin-coupled detection techniques such as peroxidase-catalyzed chemiluminescence of immunoblots. Advantages of the biotin hydrazide-labeling technique are its sensitivity and its lack of reliance upon antibodies that inevitably suffer from nonspecific background noise and contaminating endogenous immunoglobulins.
