Boc-azetidine-3-carboxylic acid

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) acts on LPA2 receptor to mediate multiple pathological effects that are associated with tumorigenesis. The absence of LPA2 attenuates tumor progression in rodent models of colorectal cancer, but whether overexpression of LPA2 alone can lead to malignant transformation in the intestinal tract has not been studied. In this study, we expressed human LPA2 in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) under control of the villin promoter. Less than 4% of F1-generation mice had germline transmission of transgenic (TG) human LPA2; as such only 3 F1 mice out of 72 genotyped had TG expression. These TG mice appeared anemic with hematochezia and died shortly after birth. TG mice were smaller in size compared with the wild type mouse of the same age and sex. Morphological analysis showed that TG LPA2 colon had hyper-proliferation of IECs resulting in increased colonic crypt depth. Surprisingly, TG small intestine had villus blunting and decreased IEC proliferation and dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the sensitivity of rapid HIV tests (RT) compared to fourth generation enzyme immunoassays (EIA) or nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) in clinical settings.

OBJECTIVES: Clinical laboratories are rapidly implementing next-generation sequencing (NGS) tests for mutation analysis, but there are few guidelines regarding sample quality for successful results.

PURPOSE: To provide correlative clinical-multimodal imaging-histopathologic findings of isolated prostatic choroidal metastasis.