1.Efficient Fmoc/solid-phase peptide synthesis of O-phosphotyrosyl-containing peptides and their use as phosphatase substrates.
Perich JW1, Ruzzene M, Pinna LA, Reynolds EC. Int J Pept Protein Res. 1994 Jan;43(1):39-46.
A general synthetic method for the efficient preparation of Tyr(P)-containing peptides is described by the use of Fmoc-Tyr(PO3tBu2)-OH in Fmoc/solid-phase synthesis followed by simultaneous cleavage of the peptide from the resin and peptide deprotection by acidolytic treatment. The applicability of this approach is demonstrated by the synthesis of H-Ser-Ser-Ser-Tyr(P)-Tyr(P)-OH.TFA and the synthesis of the phosphorylated forms of the two physiological peptides, angiotensin II and neurotensin 8-13. In addition, the three phosphorylated peptides were used as substrates in the study of the local specificity determinants of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase. In a competition assay using 32P-radiolabeled [Tyr(P)]4-angiotensin II, both unlabeled synthetic [Tyr(P)]4-angiotensin II and Ser-Ser-Ser-Tyr(P)-Tyr(P) reduced the release of 32P and indicated that they efficiently competed as substrates for the phosphatase. Conversely, [Tyr(P)]4-neurotensin 8-13 was ineffective as a competitive substrate and indicated that this particular Tyr(P)-containing peptide sequence was not recognized by the enzyme.
2.Solid-phase synthesis of (tyrosyl-alanyl-glutamyl)n by segment condensation.
Obeyesekere NU1, La Croix JN, Budde RJ, Dyckes DF, McMurray JS. Int J Pept Protein Res. 1994 Feb;43(2):118-26.
(Tyr-Ala-Glu)n, n = 1-9, were synthesized by segment condensation using the Fmoc/tert-butyl protection strategy and solid-phase techniques. The C-terminal residue was coupled to the resin and the peptides were built out by adding Fmoc-Glu(O-t-Bu)-Tyr(t-Bu)-Ala-OH units. When the desired lengths were reached the peptides were capped with Fmoc-Tyr(t-Bu)-Ala-OH units. Fmoc-Tyr(t-Bu)-Ala-OH and Fmoc-Glu(O-t-Bu)-Tyr(t-Bu)-Ala-OH were synthesized in aqueous solution by the successive addition of N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of Fmoc-Tyr(t-Bu) and Fmoc-Glu(O-t-Bu) to the growing chain. Neither sequential amino acid addition or segment condensation techniques were successful on polystyrene supports. However, the segment condensations were highly successful on kieselguhr-supported polydimethylacrylamide based resins. (Tyr-Ala-Glu)n, n = 1-9, were tested as inhibitors of the protein tyrosine kinase, pp60c-src. Inhibition, as measured by IC50 values, increased with increasing size of the peptide.
3.Facile solid-phase synthesis of sulfated tyrosine-containing peptides: total synthesis of human big gastrin-II and cholecystokinin (CCK)-39.
Kitagawa K1, Aida C, Fujiwara H, Yagami T, Futaki S, Kogire M, Ida J, Inoue K. J Org Chem. 2001 Jan 12;66(1):1-10.
Chemical synthesis of tyrosine O-sulfated peptides is still a laborious task for peptide chemists because of the intrinsic acid-lability of the sulfate moiety. An efficient cleavage/deprotection procedure without loss of the sulfate is the critical difficulty remaining to be solved for fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-based solid-phase synthesis of sulfated peptides. To overcome the difficulty, TFA-mediated solvolysis rates of a tyrosine O-sulfate [Tyr(SO3H)] residue and two protecting groups, tBu for the hydroxyl group of Ser and 2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl (Pbf) for the guanidino group of Arg, were examined in detail. The desulfation obeyed first-order kinetics with a large entropy (59.6 J.K-1.mol-1) and enthalpy (110.5 kJ.mol-1) of activation. These values substantiated that the desulfation rate of the rigidly solvated Tyr(SO3H) residue was strongly temperature-dependent. By contrast, the SN1-type deprotections were less temperature-dependent and proceeded smoothly in TFA of a high ionizing power.
4.The synthesis and use of pp60src-related peptides and phosphopeptides as substrates for enzymatic phosphorylation studies.
Perich JW1, Meggio F, Valerio RM, Johns RB, Pinna LA, Reynolds EC. Bioorg Med Chem. 1993 Nov;1(5):381-8.
A series of peptides and phosphopeptides corresponding to the auto-phosphorylation site of pp60src, -Asn-Glu-Tyr416-Thr-Ala-, were prepared by either Boc/solution or Fmoc/solid phase peptide synthesis and used as substrates to study their enzymatic phosphorylation by various casein kinases. The Tyr(P)-containing peptide, Asn-Glu-Tyr(P)-Thr-Ala, was prepared by the use of Fmoc-Tyr(PO3Bzl2)-OH in Fmoc/solid phase peptide synthesis followed by acidolytic treatment of the peptide-resin with 5% anisole/CF3CO2H. Both Asn-Glu-Tyr-Thr-Ala and Asn-Glu-Ser(P)-Thr-Ala were prepared by the Boc/solution phase peptide synthesis and employed hydrogenolytic deprotection of the protected peptides. Enzymatic phosphorylation studies established that (A) the Tyr residue acted as an unusual positive determinant for directing phosphorylation to the Thr-residue, (B) the rate of Thr-phosphorylation was markedly facilitated by a change from the Tyr-residue to the Tyr(P)-residue, and (C) a Ser(P)-residue was as effective as the Tyr(P)-residue in facilitating Thr-phosphorylation.
