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Osteocalcin, a peptide hormone, is not only involved in bone formation but also plays an important role in glucose metabolism and regulates testosterone. In mice, only fully decarboxylated peptides show the latter hormonal activity, whereas osteocalcin, partially decarboxylated osteocalcin, and non-carboxylated peptides appear to be involved in humans. In general, obese individuals have lower levels of osteocalcin than non-obese controls, and individuals with type 2 diabetes have lower plasma osteocalcin than non-diabetic individuals.
