1. Poly-N-acrylylpyrrolidine. A new resin in peptide chemistry
C W Smith, G L Stahl, R Walter Int J Pept Protein Res. 1979 Feb;13(2):109-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1979.tb01857.x.
Entirely beaded poly-N-acrylylpyrrolidine-co-bisacrylyl-1,2-diaminoethane-co-N-acrylyl-1,6-diaminohexane.HCl(PAP), a new resin on which to perform peptide chemistry, has been prepared by reverse phase suspension polymerization in quantitative yield. In addition to being a superior support to polystyrene, albeit readily adaptable to current techniques of peptide synthesis, its versatility has been furthur extended by the introduction and use of new peptide-to-polymer linking groups, which allow the use of the bidirectional approach to peptide chemistry. One such linkage, which connects the side chain of cysteine to PAP via an acid resistant S-carbamoyl bond, was used in a bidirectional synthesis of deamino-oxytocin. PAP solvates and swells in solvents with wide-ranging polarities, including aqueous media. Thus, peptide coupling reactions were performed in organic media of high and of low polarity as well as in aqueous solution.
2. Large-pore polydimethylacrylamide resin for solid-phase peptide synthesis: applications in Fmoc chemistry
J T Sparrow, N G Knieb-Cordonier, N U Obeyseskere, J S McMurray Pept Res. 1996 Nov-Dec;9(6):297-304.
We have synthesized a hydrophilic crosslinked aminoalkyl polydimethylacrylamide-beaded support upon which peptides have been assembled using standard Fmoc chemistry in automated batch-wise equipment. The resin was prepared by the free radical-initiated co-polymerization of N,N-dimethylacryl-amide, N,N'-bisacrylyl-1,3-diaminopropane and a functional monomer N-methacrylyl-1,3-diaminopropane hydrochlorid. After coupling of N-alpha-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-glycine (Boc-glycine), amino acid analyses gave resin loading capacities of 0.66 mmol/g. The resulting polymer was highly swollen by polar solvents including aqueous buffers and had an exclusion limit of 50 kDa for soluble proteins. This resin was found to be an excellent support for peptide synthesis using Fmoc chemistry. Typical purities of crude peptides were 80%-95%, including sequences that failed on conventional polystyrene resins.
3. PEGA supports for combinatorial peptide synthesis and solid-phase enzymatic library assays
M Renil, M Ferreras, J M Delaisse, N T Foged, M Meldal J Pept Sci. 1998 May;4(3):195-210. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1387(199805)4:3%3C195::AID-PSC141%3E3.0.CO;2-R.
Permeable resins cross-linked with long PEG chains were synthesized for use in solid-phase enzyme library assays. High molecular weight bis-amino-polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000, 6000, 8000 were synthesized by a three-step reaction starting from PEG-bis-OH. Macromonomers were synthesized by partial or di-acryloylation of bis-amino-PEG derivatives. Bis/mono-acrylamido-PEG were copolymerized along with acrylamide by inverse suspension copolymerization to yield a less cross-linked resin (Type I, compounds 6-9). Furthermore, acryloyl-sarcosin ethyl ester was co-polymerized along with bis-acrylamido PEG to obtain more crosslinked capacity resin (Type II, compounds 13-19). N,N-Dimethylacrylamide was used as a co-monomer in some cases. The polymer was usually obtained in a well-defined beaded form and was easy to handle under both wet and dry conditions. The supports showed good mechanical properties and were characterized by studying the swelling properties, size distribution of beads, and by estimating the amino group capacity. Depending on the PEG chain length, the monomer composition and the degree of cross-linking the PEGA supports showed a high degree of swelling in a broad range of solvents, including water, dichloromethane, DMF, acetonitril, THF and toluene: no swelling was observed in diethyl ether. The PEGA resins (Type I) with an amino acid group capacity between 0.07 and 1.0 mmol/g could be obtained by variation of the monomer composition in the polymerization mixture. Fluorescent quenched peptide libraries were synthesized on the new polymer using a multiple column library synthesizer and incubated with the matrix metalloproteinase MMP-9 after it had been activated by 4-aminophenyl mercuric acetate resulting in 67/83 kDa active enzyme. The bright beads were separated manually under a fluorescence microscope and sequenced to obtain peptide substrates for MMP-9. After treatment with ethylene diamine, high-loaded resins (Type II) have been employed in continuous flow peptide synthesis to yield peptides in excellent yield and purity.
