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Lactoferrin

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Lactoferrin is a multifunctional globular glycoprotein of the transferrin family.

Category

Others

Catalog number

BAT-010208

CAS number

146897-68-9

Molecular Formula

C141H226N46O29S3

Molecular Weight

3125.8

Size	Price	Stock	Quantity
10 g	$298	In stock

IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(3S,9S,12S,15S,18S,21S,24S,27S,30S,33S,36S,39R,44R,47S,50S,53S,56S)-39-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-12,15-bis(4-aminobutyl)-27-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-50-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-21,33,36-tris(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-47-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-53-(hydroxymethyl)-24,30-bis(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-9-(2-methylpropyl)-18-(2-methylsulfanylethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,46,49,52,55-heptadecaoxo-41,42-dithia-1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,45,48,51,54-heptadecazabicyclo[54.3.0]nonapentacontane-44-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid

Synonyms

Lactoferrin, from bovine milk; Lactoferricin B; Lfcin B

Appearance

Beige Solid

Purity

95%

Density

1.48±0.1 g/cm3(Predicted)

Sequence

FKC(1)RRWQWRMKKLGAPSITC(1)VRRAF

Storage

Store at -20°C

InChI

InChI=1S/C141H224N46O29S3/c1-11-77(6)111-133(212)186-112(80(9)189)134(213)183-106(130(209)184-110(76(4)5)132(211)176-97(49-32-61-161-141(155)156)120(199)170-93(45-28-57-157-137(147)148)116(195)166-78(7)113(192)180-103(136(215)216)66-82-36-16-13-17-37-82)74-219-218-73-105(182-123(202)90(42-22-25-54-142)167-114(193)87(145)65-81-34-14-12-15-35-81)129(208)173-95(47-30-59-159-139(151)152)118(197)171-96(48-31-60-160-140(153)154)122(201)178-102(68-84-70-163-89-41-21-19-39-86(84)89)127(206)174-98(51-52-108(146)190)124(203)179-101(67-83-69-162-88-40-20-18-38-85(83)88)126(205)172-94(46-29-58-158-138(149)150)119(198)175-99(53-63-217-10)125(204)169-91(43-23-26-55-143)117(196)168-92(44-24-27-56-144)121(200)177-100(64-75(2)3)115(194)164-71-109(191)165-79(8)135(214)187-62-33-50-107(187)131(210)181-104(72-188)128(207)185-111/h12-21,34-41,69-70,75-80,87,90-107,110-112,162-163,188-189H,11,22-33,42-68,71-74,142-145H2,1-10H3,(H2,146,190)(H,164,194)(H,165,191)(H,166,195)(H,167,193)(H,168,196)(H,169,204)(H,170,199)(H,171,197)(H,172,205)(H,173,208)(H,174,206)(H,175,198)(H,176,211)(H,177,200)(H,178,201)(H,179,203)(H,180,192)(H,181,210)(H,182,202)(H,183,213)(H,184,209)(H,185,207)(H,186,212)(H,215,216)(H4,147,148,157)(H4,149,150,158)(H4,151,152,159)(H4,153,154,160)(H4,155,156,161)/t77-,78-,79-,80+,87-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,110-,111-,112-/m0/s1

InChI Key

PHEGMCHJJYMADA-IKGCZBKSSA-N

Canonical SMILES

CCC(C)C1C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(CSSCC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC(C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(C(=O)N2CCCC2C(=O)NC(C(=O)N1)CO)C)CC(C)C)CCCCN)CCCCN)CCSC)CCCNC(=N)N)CC3=CNC4=CC=CC=C43)CCC(=O)N)CC5=CNC6=CC=CC=C65)CCCNC(=N)N)CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CC7=CC=CC=C7)N)C(=O)NC(C(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NC(CC8=CC=CC=C8)C(=O)O)C(C)O

Lactoferrin is a multifunctional glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including antimicrobial activity, immune modulation, and iron homeostasis. In recent years, research has shown that lactoferrin holds great potential in the field of drug discovery and development due to its diverse range of biological activities and therapeutic properties.

Saliva, tears, and milk are among the biological fluids that include lactoferrin, a protein belonging to the transferrin family. It is well known for having potent antibacterial qualities that, by securing iron, a nutrient that is necessary for bacterial growth, help shield the body from microbial illnesses. Through a variety of processes, including adhering to bacterial cell walls, interfering with the formation of biofilms, and directly killing bacteria by weakening their cell membranes, lactoferrin exhibits its antimicrobial activity. Lactoferrin is a desirable option for the creation of novel antimicrobial agents to fight bacteria that are resistant to drugs because of its antibacterial qualities.

Lactoferrin has antibacterial activity, but it also has immunomodulatory effects by controlling immune cell activity, including neutrophils, T cells, and macrophages. Lactoferrin has anti-inflammatory properties by limiting excessive immunological responses and lessening tissue damage, but it can also boost the immune response against infections by encouraging the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and boosting immune cell activity. Lactoferrin is a prospective therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune illnesses, including multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, due to its immunomodulatory capabilities.

Furthermore, lactoferrin plays a crucial role in iron metabolism by binding and transporting iron within the body. Its ability to chelate iron helps regulate iron levels in the blood and tissues, preventing iron overload and associated oxidative damage. Dysregulation of iron metabolism has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases. Therefore, lactoferrin has garnered interest as a potential therapeutic agent for the management of conditions characterized by abnormal iron levels and oxidative stress.

The diverse biological activities of lactoferrin make it a versatile molecule with broad therapeutic potential in various disease settings. Researchers are actively exploring the application of lactoferrin in drug discovery across different therapeutic areas, including infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. For instance, lactoferrin has shown promise as a treatment for Helicobacter pylori infections, a major risk factor for gastric ulcers and stomach cancer. By targeting the iron-dependent survival mechanisms of the bacteria, lactoferrin disrupts their growth and enhances the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics in eradicating the infection.

In the field of oncology, lactoferrin has demonstrated anti-cancer properties through its ability to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and modulate the tumor microenvironment. By targeting multiple pathways involved in cancer development and progression, lactoferrin shows potential as an adjuvant therapy for enhancing the efficacy of traditional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Moreover, lactoferrin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may help mitigate treatment-related side effects and improve the overall quality of life for cancer patients.

In the realm of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, lactoferrin's neuroprotective properties have sparked interest in its potential as a therapeutic agent for slowing disease progression and ameliorating symptoms. Lactoferrin can cross the blood-brain barrier and exert its effects directly in the brain, where it acts as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, and modulator of neuroplasticity. By preserving neuronal function and combating neuroinflammation, lactoferrin holds promise for the development of novel treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.

1. The Lactoferrin Phenomenon-A Miracle Molecule

Patrycja Kleczkowska, Dorota Sulejczak, Karol Kramkowski, Paweł Kowalczyk, Katarzyna Kaczyńska, Iwona Bukowska-Ośko Molecules . 2022 May 4;27(9):2941. doi: 10.3390/molecules27092941.

Numerous harmful factors that affect the human body from birth to old age cause many disturbances, e.g., in the structure of the genome, inducing cell apoptosis and their degeneration, which leads to the development of many diseases, including cancer. Among the factors leading to pathological processes, microbes, viruses, gene dysregulation and immune system disorders have been described. The function of a protective agent may be played by lactoferrin as a "miracle molecule", an endogenous protein with a number of favorable antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, immunostimulatory and binding DNA properties. The purpose of this article is to present the broad spectrum of properties and the role that lactoferrin plays in protecting human cells at all stages of life.

2. The Biology of Lactoferrin, an Iron-Binding Protein That Can Help Defend Against Viruses and Bacteria

Etheresia Pretorius, Eugene L Heyden, Douglas B Kell Front Immunol . 2020 May 28;11:1221. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01221.

Lactoferrin is a nutrient classically found in mammalian milk. It binds iron and is transferred via a variety of receptors into and between cells, serum, bile, and cerebrospinal fluid. It has important immunological properties, and is both antibacterial and antiviral. In particular, there is evidence that it can bind to at least some of the receptors used by coronaviruses and thereby block their entry. Of importance are Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) and the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as based on other activities lactoferrin might prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from attaching to the host cells. Lactoferrin (and more specifically enteric-coated LF because of increased bioavailability) may consequently be of preventive and therapeutic value during the present COVID-19 pandemic.

3. Lactoferrin: Structure, function, denaturation and digestion

Yakindra Prasad Timilsena, Benu Adhikari, Ewan Blanch, Bo Wang Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr . 2019;59(4):580-596. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1381583.

Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein occurring in many biological secretions including milk. It possesses iron binding/transferring, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. These functional properties intimately depend on the structural integrity of LF especially its higher order conformation. LF is primarily extracted from bovine milk and it is subsequently added into many commercial products such as nutritional supplements, infant formula, cosmetics and toothpaste. LF is sensitive to denaturation induced by temperature and other physicochemical stresses. Hence, the extraction, powder formation processes of LF and processing parameters of LF-containing products have to be optimized to minimise its undesired denaturation. This review documents the advances made on structure-function relationships and discusses the effectiveness of methods used to preserve the structure of LF during thermal processing. Oral delivery, as the most convenient way for administering LF, is also discussed focusing on digestion of LF in oral, gastric and intestinal stages. The effectiveness of methods used to deliver LF to intestinal digestion stage in structurally intact form is also compared. Altogether, this work comprehensively reviews the fate of LF during thermal processing and digestion, and suggests suitable means to preserve its structural integrity and functional properties. Scope of review The manuscript aims at providing a comprehensive review of the latest publications on four aspects of LF: structural features, functional properties, nature and extent of denaturation and gastrointestinal digestion. It also analyses how these publications benefit food and pharmaceutical industries.