RN2PA_RANPI Ranatuerin-2Pa precursor

Background: Recent advances in nanotechnology make novel shapes of nanostructured materials with novel physicochemical properties. Different kinds of materials including carbon, metals, alloys, metal oxides, conducting polymers, metal chalcogenides, pnictides and fluorides have been synthesized with small size of <100 nm with shapes resembled to the natural flowers. The objective of this review is to provide a broad overview of the synthesis strategies, effects of different parameters on the morphology of nanoflowers, and their applications. Methods: A comprehensive search to assess the current evidence for the synthesis routs of nanoflowers and applications was conducted. 487 studies became selected and the quality of papers were appraised and categorized according to type of nanomaterials. Within each section, the nanomaterials addressed specifically. In addition, recent patents were reviewed in a separate section. Results: The nanoflowers exhibited unique properties which were utilized in the design of efficient applications. These nanostructures can be processed with different methods. The configuration of flower-like nanostructures can be controlled by altering experimental parameters, such as the precursor`s ratio, temperature and reaction time. Despite the huge efforts to control and understand the growth mechanism of these nanostructures, some fundamental phenomena are still not well understood. Investigation of the fundamental effects of size and morphology on their properties is required in order to better apply these nanostructured materials. Conclusion: The nanoflowers with interesting properties can be used in the design of future devices with various applications. The existence of different routes to synthesis nanoflowers and their unique properties confirm the importance promoted awareness of potential benefits of nanoflowers in different applications. The reviewed patents emphasized the importance of these nanostructures. Therefore, research efforts based on nanoflowers are dynamic and applicable in various fields.

Hematogones were initially described as mysterious cells in bone marrow smears more than 70 years ago. These cells are normal bone marrow B-lymphocyte precursors with properties that overlap those of lymphoblasts. Their morphological and immunological features are described here with an update on the knowledge of hematogones in hematological and non-hematological disorders.

A gluconeogenic precursor is a biochemical compound acted on by a gluconeogenic pathway enabling the net synthesis of glucose. Recognized gluconeogenic precursors in fasting placental mammals include glycerol, lactate/pyruvate, certain amino acids, and odd-chain length fatty acids. Each of these precursors is capable of contributing net amounts of carbon to glucose synthesis via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) because they are anaplerotic, that is, they are able to increase the pools of TCA cycle intermediates by the contribution of more carbon than is lost via carbon dioxide. The net synthesis of glucose from even-chain length fatty acids (ECFAs) in fasting placental mammals, via the TCA cycle alone, is not possible because equal amounts of carbon are lost via carbon dioxide as is contributed from fatty acid oxidation via acetyl-CoA. Therefore, ECFAs do not meet the criteria to be recognized as a gluconeogenic precursor via the TCA cycle alone. ECFAs are gluconeogenic precursors in organisms with a functioning glyoxylate cycle, which enables the net contribution of carbon to the intermediates of the TCA cycle from ECFAs and the net synthesis of glucose. The net conversion of ECFAs to glucose in fasting placental mammals via C3 metabolism of acetone may be a competent though inefficient metabolic path by which ECFA could be considered a gluconeogenic precursor. Defining a substrate as a gluconeogenic precursor requires careful articulation of the definition, organism, and physiologic conditions under consideration.