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Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common manifestation of Alzheimer's disease, characterized by amyloid-Aβ vascular deposition in >80% of cases. Mutations at sites 21-23 (such as the Dutch mutation E22Q) are primarily associated with CAA, although they present with significantly different clinical phenotypes: cerebral hemorrhage or dementia. The Piedmont L34V Aβ mutant lies outside this hot spot, showing a similar bleeding phenotype, though less aggressive than the widely studied Dutch variant.
