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BOC Sciences provides feature articles on innovative products or services for research on peptides, amino acids, PNA monomers, and peptide synthetic resins.
Peptides are compounds formed when alpha amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds. The application scenarios cover new hotspots and valuable research fields, such as disease-related research, cosmetic peptides, and protein modification.
Peptides can be used in many diseases and have very good curative effects.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease caused by multiple etiologies and is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Peptides can activate and repair islet cells, promote islet cells to synthesize insulin, and regulate blood sugar in both directions.
Cancer (malignant tumor) destroys the structure and function of tissues and organs and has become one of the most common fatal diseases. Peptides can inhibit the growth and metastasis of cancer cells, kill cancer cells, remove toxins in cancer cells, and have the effect of preventing, controlling and adjuvant therapy of tumors.
Cardiovascular disease is a general term for cardiovascular and peripheral vascular diseases, including heart failure, coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, hypertension, etc. Peptides can remove intravascular lipids, regulate heart function, restore cardiovascular functions, and have certain curative effects on cardiovascular diseases.
The immune system is an important system for the body to carry out immune response and immune function. It can find and remove foreign bodies, foreign pathogenic microorganisms and other factors that cause fluctuations in the internal environment. Peptides can play a role in regulating immunity, antibacterial, and nutritional supplements.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that causes a deficiency in the body's immune system. HIV destroys the body's T lymphocytes, thereby blocking the process of cellular immunity and humoral immunity, leading to paralysis of the immune system, and eventually leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Antiretroviral therapy minimizes HIV replication.
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a papilloma virus that uses humans as its sole host. HPV has a high degree of tissue specificity and can infect human epidermal and mucosal epithelial cells, and can cause a variety of benign and malignant tumors. E6/E7 refers to two gene fragments of HPV, and the expression of its protein is a necessary factor for cell carcinogenesis.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive central neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology. Alzheimer's disease mostly occurs in old age or pre-senile age, and develops slowly and irreversibly. Clinically, it is mainly manifested as generalized dementia such as abnormal memory, cognition, thinking and behavior. Research is now focused on reducing beta-amyloid peptides, the causative agent of Alzheimer's disease.
Osteoporosis is a systemic multi-causal skeletal disease that is prone to fractures due to changes in systemic bone mass and microstructure of bone tissue, resulting in increased bone fragility. At present, the clinical anti-osteoporosis drugs are mainly divided into two categories. One is a drug that inhibits bone resorption, and the other is a drug that promotes bone formation.
Gastrointestinal peptide hormones are widely distributed in the gastrointestinal mucosa and inner nervous system, and have important regulatory effects on gastrointestinal smooth muscle movement, mucosal gland secretion, blood supply, local inflammatory cells, immune active cells and cytokines.
Cosmetic peptides have the advantages of safety, stability, easy absorption and good effect. Adding them to cosmetics can fundamentally improve and repair various skin problems.
Peptides are widely used in cosmetics, providing a new direction and idea for the research and development and application of cosmetics. The main cosmetic effects of peptides used in cosmetics are to promote cell metabolism, activate cell activity, inhibit cell degeneration, repair damaged cells, promote collagen synthesis and promote cell healing.
The role of peptides in cosmeceuticals is becoming increasingly prominent. Neurotransmitter-inhibiting peptides are used in skincare formulations to address signs of aging, particularly wrinkles. These peptides target the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which plays a role in muscle contraction and is implicated in the formation of wrinkles.
Peptide modification is mainly the modification of the main chain structure and side chain groups of the peptide chain. Modifications can alter the physicochemical properties of peptides to optimize their effective utilization in vivo.
Cyclization is the most direct way to synthesize cyclic peptides, especially for peptides with larger structural backbones. According to the cyclization method of cyclic peptides, it can be divided into side chain -to-side chain type, head-to-tail type, side chain-to-end type, and disulfide-bridge, etc.
The phosphorylation modification of peptides mainly refers to the conversion of the side chain hydroxyl groups of serine (Ser), threonine (Thr) or tyrosine (Tyr) residues in the peptide chain into the form of phosphate. Phosphorylated tyrosine, phosphorylated threonine, and phosphorylated serine derivatives can either be introduced into the polypeptide during synthesis or formed after polypeptide synthesis.
Fluorescence modification of peptides is an important content in the field of peptide synthesis. Fluorescent modifications can be attached to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the peptide sequence by covalent bonds. Fluorescent substance-modified peptides can be used for in vivo imaging, protein binding and localization studies.
Individual peptides are often too small to elicit an adequate immune response. Carrier proteins with many epitopes are beneficial to stimulate helper T cells and further induce B cell immune responses. Conjugation of peptides to carrier proteins (such as KLH, BSA, OVA) can increase the size of the antigen and enhance immunity, resulting in highly efficient antibodies.
Multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs) are a class of immunogenic macromolecular polymeric peptides consisting of a lysine core and multiple identical peptide molecules. MAPs utilize the α and ε amino groups of lysine to polymerize homotypic or different types of synthetic antigenic peptides, and then adsorb to different immune mediators for targeting and information transmission.
Glycosylation of peptides is the process of linking monosaccharides (such as glucose, galactose) or polysaccharides to peptides through chemical bonds. The peptides obtained by glycosylation are called glycopeptides. Glycopeptides are important analogs of sugar modification on proteins, and are protein fragments modified with sugars.
Peptides are biologically active substances with great application potential. However, the modification of small molecule peptides is difficult and the half-life is extremely short. Today, these problems can be solved by applying PEGylation modification technology to peptides. The PEGylated peptides have better pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties than unmodified peptides.
As histone methylation has been extensively studied, methylated peptides have become an important tool for studying histone methylation. Lys and Arg methylation modifications of peptides are currently achieved by applying methylated starting materials in peptide solid-phase synthesis.
Cage peptides refer to a class of peptides with a three-dimensional structure and are a class of hollow cage-like macromolecules. The caged peptides have an optically removable protecting group, which can shield the polypeptide from binding to the receptor. Caged peptides can be used in anti-tumor treatment.
By modifying the N-terminus of the peptide, its structure and physicochemical properties can be changed, thereby improving its stability and biological activity. There are many methods for N-terminal modification of peptides, such as acetylation, myristoylation, and fluorescent reagent modification.
The specific modification of the C-terminus can prolong the in vivo metabolic half-life of the peptide, reduce the immunogenicity or reduce the toxic side effects. Efficient and accurate C-terminal modification of peptides is a hot field in the research of biologically active macromolecules, and it is also an urgently needed technology in the industrial production of peptides.
Amino acids are organic compounds containing basic amino groups and acidic carboxyl groups. Amino acids are the basic units that make up proteins. Application scenarios cover disease research, food, medicine and other fields.
The role of amino acids on the human body is to synthesize protein, maintain the body's total nitrogen balance, improve immunity, etc.
Essential amino acids refer to amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body (or other vertebrates) or whose synthesis rate cannot meet the needs of the human body, but must be provided by food. For adults, there are eight essential amino acids, namely lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine. In addition, histidine is necessary for infants.
Non-essential amino acids refer to amino acids that the human body can synthesize by itself or convert from other amino acids, and do not necessarily have to be directly ingested from food. Such amino acids include glutamic acid, glutamine, alanine, glycine, cysteine, aspartic acid, asparagine, proline, serine and tyrosine.
Protected amino acids refer to amino acid derivatives in which the functional groups of amino acids react with other groups to block the activity of the functional groups of amino acids. The functional groups of amino acids include α-amino and carboxyl groups.
In synthetic reactions, the amino groups in primary amines, secondary amines, imidazoles, pyrroles, indole and other aromatic nitrogen heterocycles often need to be protected. Commonly used amino protecting groups can be roughly divided into three categories: alkoxycarbonyl, acyl and alkyl. The most commonly used amino protecting groups are Cbz (Z), Fmoc and Boc.
Carboxyl group is a very common group in organic synthesis. Because it is relatively active, it has an impact on many reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to protect it. Compared with amino-protecting groups, carboxyl-protecting groups have fewer types and generally exist in the form of salts or esters.
Amino acids can be widely used in medicine, food, agriculture, cosmetics, health care products and other fields.
The process of plant growth demonstrates high complexity and precise regulation while depending significantly on amino acid-based growth promoters, among other factors. Proteins built from amino acids serve diverse roles in plant life by constructing cellular structures and driving biochemical reactions. The importance of amino acids in plant growth has become more acknowledged and appreciated through ongoing advancements in plant physiology research.
Fertilizers serve as an essential source of nutrients that drive plant growth, making them fundamental to modern agricultural production. Crops obtain necessary nutrients from these fertilizers, which encourage their healthy growth, leading to higher yields and enhanced quality. Amino acid fertilizer has gained significant attention in agriculture because of ongoing technological developments and increased environmental consciousness.
In modern animal husbandry, feed additives play a crucial role. They not only enhance the nutritional value of feed but also promote the growth and health of animals. Amino acids, as an important category of feed additives, have attracted considerable attention due to their key role in animal growth and health. This article will delve into the application and significance of amino acids in feed additives.
As the building blocks of life processes, amino acids also are used in drug discovery. Not only are they the foundation of protein structures, but they also take part in hundreds of biochemical processes, and they are a crucial molecular component in drug development. And of all these amino acids, unnatural amino acids (UAAs) are becoming a growing force in the field of drugs. Because of their specific chemical structure and structure, UAAs could enhance the stability, selectivity and activity of drug molecules and thus the effectiveness and safety of drugs.
Amino acids play a vital role in cell development and metabolism, as well as protein production, cell signalling, energy metabolism and other physiological functions. For cell culture, the inclusion of amino acids is an essential component for normal cell growth, proliferation and differentiation.
The value of amino acids as raw materials for the preparation of surfactants was first recognized in the 20th century. Initially, they were primarily used as preservatives in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Subsequently, researchers discovered their potential to combat various pathogenic tumors, bacteria, and viruses, leading to extensive studies.
As key compounds found naturally in humans, animals, and plants, amino acids are extremely hydrophilic, consisting of both amino and carboxyl groups. These groups absorb and store water quickly, leaving skin and surfaces permanently hydrated.
Anti-ageing cosmetics are now one of the most popular products to prevent wrinkles from coming back. Of these products, amino acids are the one ingredient that is included in anti-aging skin care for the numerous benefits it provides like moisturizing, repairing, and building collagen.
Amino acids are proteins that make up many biological functions, including skin health. Amino acids have also been extensively used as whitening agents over the last few years because they inhibit melanin production. Melanin is what pigments skin, while amino acids balance skin tone, brighten and tame the skin color through the modulation of tyrosinase.
As the fundamental building blocks of proteins and enzymes in living organisms, amino acids not only participate in various life activities but also play a key role in antimicrobial mechanisms. Amino acids and derivatives have become the subject of a lot of interest in the antimicrobial design and production in recent years.
Amino acid injections are widely used in clinical treatments, especially for nutritional support and managing metabolic disorders. Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins and are crucial for normal bodily functions such as growth, tissue repair, immune function, and hormone synthesis.
Cocrystals are one of the most commonly used methods to alter the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) through non-covalent interactions with one or more ligands, without changing their pharmacological activity. Recently, green methods have prompted many researchers to develop solvent-free or minimized solvent techniques for designing more eco-friendly cocrystal processes.
Amino acids, as important components in living organisms, are not only the fundamental building blocks of proteins and enzymes but also play key roles in various physiological activities within the body. In recent years, the application of amino acids and their derivatives as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the pharmaceutical industry has been increasingly widespread.
Amino acids are widely valued in the pharmaceutical excipients field due to their natural origin, safety, and functional versatility. They can improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of drugs. For instance, glutamic acid and lysine are commonly used as buffering agents to adjust drug pH, enhancing formulation stability.
Amino acids play a vital role in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in drug development, production and treatment. As a basic component of proteins and enzymes, amino acids not only play a central role in the structure and function of drugs but are also widely used in biopharmaceuticals, vaccine development and antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) design.
Amino acids, as essential structural and functional units in living organisms, exhibit significant potential for application in the pharmaceutical field, particularly in the development and synthesis of drug intermediates. Their unique chemical structures and versatile functional groups provide irreplaceable advantages in the preparation of complex compounds.
Drug delivery technologies are crucial for the therapeutic application of drugs and have driven the successful use of numerous drugs in disease treatment. These technologies improve specific drug delivery, off-target effects and patient compliance.
Amino acids are a crucial class of biomolecules, and their unique chemical structures and biological functions play a significant role in drug development. In recent years, with the continuous advancement of sustained-release formulation technologies, amino acids have demonstrated broad potential as key components in the development and application of sustained-release injectables.
Prodrug refers to a type of compound that, through chemical modification, does not exhibit pharmacological activity upon entering the body. It is converted into an active drug through metabolic processes within the body.
Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of peptide drugs, and in recent years, they have become a focal point in drug development due to their potential in treating various diseases. Peptide drugs are composed of short chains of amino acids, which exhibit high specificity and low toxicity, providing more precise treatment options compared to traditional small molecule drugs.
Amino acids hold a crucial position in the dietary supplement industry due to their core functions in supporting human health and physiological processes. They are fundamental building blocks of proteins and participate in essential processes such as muscle synthesis, metabolic regulation, immune support, and neurotransmitter production.
Flavor enhancers have a wide range of applications in the food industry, covering processed foods, snacks, beverages, meat products, low-sodium foods, and more. They not only enhance the umami, sweetness, and saltiness of food but also improve texture and depth, meeting consumers' dual demands for both delicious and healthy products.
As the fundamental building blocks of proteins, amino acids are essential for the physiological functions of the human body. In the food industry, amino acids are widely used as food additives due to their unique nutritional value, functionality, and flavor-enhancing properties.
Amino acids have several roles, including enhancing the flavor of food, regulating physiological functions in the body, and restoring nutrients that promote growth and development. As research into the physiological functions of various amino acids continues to progress, amino acids are increasingly recognized as both nutrients and functional ingredients.
The incorporation of amino acids into functional beverages is rapidly becoming a popular trend in the health and nutrition market. These natural or artificial amino acids don't just give drinks distinctive taste, they also cater to specific functional demands, including increasing energy, immunity, muscle repair and brain function.
The amino acids are life's foundation and essential to nutrition science and food production. They are organic compounds found in nature, and they are the building blocks of protein and important components of metabolism, immune system and energy.
Amino acids are the fundamental units of proteins. Among the 20 amino acids essential for forming proteins in the human body, some cannot be synthesized internally or are synthesized too slowly. These must be obtained from dietary protein or fortified (added) supplements.
Unnatural amino acids (UAAs) provide an expanded toolkit to dissect complex protein-protein interactions with unprecedented precision. UAAs are amino acids that differ from the 20 standard amino acids encoded by the genetic code.
Unnatural amino acids are amino acids that do not exist in nature or are not produced by natural synthetic pathways. These amino acids can be prepared by chemical synthesis or enzymatic reactions, and they have more structural diversity and functionality than natural amino acids. Unnatural amino acids have a wide range of applications in peptide synthesis
Phage display technology fuses exogenous peptides and phage capsid proteins and displays them on the phage surface, performs high-throughput screening and enrichment, and conducts qualitative analysis on clones with required functions. The technology displays antibodies, antibody fragments, peptides, cDNA, etc. Phage peptide library construction is an important biotechnology tool for screening peptide sequences with specific functions.
The coding information for constructing proteins exists in a highly conserved codon table, and organisms can arrange and combine different proteins to perform a variety of biological functions using only 20 natural amino acids.
Proteins are the basis of life activities and participate in various processes such as transport, catalysis, and regulation in life. These biological functions are closely related to the sequence of proteins. In order to explore the relationship between protein sequence and function, the site-directed mutation of specific amino acids into other amino acids and the study of the corresponding functional changes of proteins are the classic means to study this problem.
As an expanding toolbox for protein engineering, incorporation of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) has been used to enhance protein stability, explore mechanisms, tune catalytic activity, tune selectivity, design enzymes, and even design synthetic life. UAA incorporation is becoming an increasingly standard practice for protein engineers, with the components of incorporation constantly being adjusted and a growing selection of UAAs with different functional groups and uses.
Amino acid nutritional supplements are nutritional products that must be supplemented when human body functions are urgently needed or when digestion and absorption capacity is reduced, nutritional supplements for patients with liver function, and nutritional products used in blood pressure lowering preparations and antiviral preparations.
Amino acids are the raw materials that make up various proteins in the human body. If the amino acid in the body is out of balance, it may cause problems, resulting in a health crisis. Amino acids and their derivatives have certain curative effects in the treatment of respiratory diseases, liver diseases, digestive system diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes and other diseases.
Unnatural amino acids (uAAs) are a class of amino acids that do not exist in nature and are synthesized through chemical or bioengineering methods. They can provide unique chemical reaction sites, making the coupling process of ADC more controllable and efficient. For example, by integrating uAAs, researchers can introduce specific reactive groups, such as alkyne groups, azide groups, etc., to achieve click chemistry reactions between antibodies and drugs.
As key components of chiral drugs, unnatural amino acids (UAAs) have unique structural and functional properties. They can improve the selectivity and effectiveness of drugs and reduce side effects through stereochemical regulation.
Although the affinity of amino acid inhibitors to the target may not be as good as that of antibody drugs, their controllable pharmacokinetic properties and mature research system may overcome the existing problems of antibody drugs and replace monoclonal antibodies or serve as their complementary therapy.
Collagen is the main component of animal connective tissue and the most abundant and widely distributed functional protein in mammals. It is the main component of the extracellular matrix and exists in all tissues and organs.
Amino acids are compounds with amino groups (-NH2) and carboxyl groups (-COOH) in their molecules. They have a common basic structure and contain complex functional groups. They are the basic units that make up proteins.
Amino acids are a class of organic compounds containing alkaline amino groups and acidic carboxyl groups. They are the basic building blocks of proteins and the basic materials for building cells and repairing tissues.
