1. LHRH-(1-5): a bioactive peptide regulating reproduction
James L Roberts, Shaila K Mani, Michael J Woller, Marc J Glucksman, T John Wu Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Dec;18(10):386-92. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.09.005. Epub 2007 Nov 9.
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-I (LHRH-I) was isolated from the mammalian hypothalamus and shown to be the primary regulator of reproduction through its initiation of pituitary gonadotropin release. Subsequently, it has also been shown to have non-pituitary actions. Although the regulation of LHRH-I synthesis and release has been extensively studied, there is additional evidence to suggest that processing of the peptide represents another layer of regulation. The focus of this review will be on evidence for the action of LHRH-(1-5), the pentapeptide metabolite of LHRH-I, in regulating LHRH-I synthesis, secretion and reproductive behavior. The involvement of LHRH-(1-5) in the control of aspects of reproduction might represent yet another level of regulatory complexity through neuropeptide processing.
2. Discovery of LHRH and development of LHRH analogs for prostate cancer treatment
Andrew V Schally, Norman L Block, Ferenc G Rick Prostate. 2017 Jun;77(9):1036-1054. doi: 10.1002/pros.23360. Epub 2017 Apr 27.
The discovery, isolation, elucidation of structure, synthesis, and initial testing of the neuropeptide hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), which regulates reproduction, is briefly described. The design, synthesis, and experimental and clinical testing of agonistic analogs of LHRH is extensively reviewed focusing on the development of new methods for the treatment of prostate cancer. Subsequent development of antagonistic analogs of LHRH is then faithfully recounted with special emphasis on therapy of prostate cancer and BPH. The concepts of targeted therapy to peptide receptors on tumors are re-examined and the development of the cytotoxic analogs of LHRH and their status is reviewed. The endeavor to develop better therapies for prostate cancer, based on LHRH analogs, guided much of our work.
3. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and GnRH agonists: mechanisms of action
O Ortmann, J M Weiss, K Diedrich Reprod Biomed Online. 2002;5 Suppl 1:1-7. doi: 10.1016/s1472-6483(11)60210-1.
The hypothalamic decapeptide gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) binds to specific receptors on pituitary gonadotrophs. These receptors belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. Their activation leads to phosphoinositide breakdown with generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3) and diacylglycerol. These second messengers initiate Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and activation of protein kinase C, both of which are important for gonadotrophin secretion and synthesis. Prolonged activation of GnRH receptors by GnRH leads to desensitization and consequently to suppressed gonadotrophin secretion. This is the primary mechanism of action of agonistic GnRH analogues. By contrast, GnRH antagonists compete with GnRH for receptors on gonadotroph cell membranes, inhibit GnRH-induced signal transduction and consequently gonadotrophin secretion. These compounds are free of agonistic actions, which might be beneficial in certain clinical applications.
